Conceptualising Nephrotic Syndrome Through Ayurvedic Principles

Abstract

Nephrotic syndrome is a clinicopathological disorder characterized by massive proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, generalised oedema, and hyperlipidaemia resulting from increased glomerular permeability. The condition may arise secondary to a wide range of primary glomerular diseases, systemic disorders, infections, drugs, and genetic abnormalities. Clinically, it presents with generalised oedema, urinary abnormalities, dyslipidaemia, and increased susceptibility to infections, significantly affecting the quality of life and long-term prognosis of affected individuals. From an Ayurvedic perspective, the condition can be understood through the concepts of Agnimandya, Ama, Tridosha Dushti, Kleda Vriddhi, Mutravaha Srotodushti, Dhatu Dushti, Vrikka Karmahani, and Oja Kshaya. The pathological process primarily involves the Vrikka and Mutravaha Srotas and progresses through different stages with varying Dosha–Dushya involvement. This review critically analyses the etiopathogenesis, clinical features, and diagnostic aspects of nephrotic syndrome from contemporary and Ayurvedic perspectives and proposes a stage-wise Ayurvedic understanding of Samprapti, thereby providing a holistic understanding of the disease.