In-vitro Evaluation of the Anti-inflammatory Activity of Bharangi (Rotheca serrata) Using Pro-inflammatory Cytokine Markers

Abstract

Inflammation is a protective biological response to harmful stimuli; however, excessive production of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α contributes to chronic inflammatory disorders and immune dysregulation. Targeted cytokine inhibitors are effective but often costly and associated with adverse effects, highlighting the need for safer, affordable alternatives. In Ayurvedic medicine several had described with anti- inflammatory properties, Bharangi (Rotheca serrata), commonly used in inflammatory and respiratory conditions. Despite its classical indications, scientific validation of its cytokine-modulating activity remains limited, necessitating systematic in-vitro evaluation to substantiate its therapeutic potential. Objectives: To evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity of Bharangi (Rotheca serrata) through an in-vitro method using interleukin-1β, interleukin-6, and TNF-α as inflammatory markers. Material and Methods: Bharangi (Rotheca serrata) root powder was extracted with ethanol, centrifuged, and the supernatant was used for analysis. Anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated in THP-1 human monocytic cells using TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β inhibition assays, with diclofenac as the standard. Cytotoxicity was assessed by the MTT assay, and cytokine levels were measured using ELISA kits. The data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post-hoc test at a 5% significance level. Results: Bharangi (Rotheca serrata) root powder showed notable inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokines in vitro. TNF-α inhibition ranged from 46.03% to 39.71%, IL-6 from 70.33% to 66.56%, and IL-1β from 57.92% to 47.52% across the tested concentrations, indicating moderate anti-inflammatory activity. Conclusions: Bharangi root demonstrated in-vitro anti-inflammatory activity by inhibiting TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β, supporting its traditional use in inflammatory conditions.