A Literary Review on the Historical Evolution and Therapeutic Significances of Karanja (Pongamia pinnata Linn.)

Abstract

Karanja (Pongamia pinnata Linn.), an important medicinal plant in Ayurveda, is extensively documented in classical texts such as the Charaka Samhita, Sushruta Samhita, Ashtanga Hridya and in various Nighantu for its diverse therapeutic applications. This review aims to systematically compile and analyze classical Ayurvedic literature along with contemporary scientific evidence to elucidate the pharmacological and clinical significance of Karanja. Literary data were collected from Samhitas and Nighantus, focusing on its classification (Varga), synonyms (Paryaya), Rasa Panchaka, Karma and therapeutic indications, followed by correlation with modern pharmacological studies. Classical descriptions highlight Karanja as a Tikta-Katu predominant drug with Ushna Virya and Tikshna Guna, exhibiting Kaphavatahara, Krimighana, Kushtaghana and Vranashodhana properties. It is widely indicated in conditions such as skin disorders (Kushta), wounds (Vrana), parasitic infections (Krimi) and inflammatory diseases, with versatile usage in formulations like Taila, Kwatha, Churna and Lepa. Modern investigations further validate these claims, demonstrating significant antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, analgesic, anti-ulcer, and antihyperglycemic activities. These effects are attributed to bioactive constituents such as flavonoids, Karanjin and pongamol. The integrative analysis reveals a strong concordance between classical Ayurvedic concepts and modern pharmacological findings, reinforcing the therapeutic potential of Karanja.