Mechanistic Insights into Ayurvedic Pathya Ahara for Prameha (Diabetes Mellitus): A Molecular and Pharmacological Perspective

Abstract

Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disorder characterized by persistent hyperglycemia due to impaired insulin secretion, reduced glucose utilization, and increased glucose production influenced by genetic and environmental factors. In Ayurveda, DM can be associated with Prameha, a metabolic disorder associated with excessive urination, metabolic imbalance, and derangement of Kapha, Meda, and Kleda. Ayurveda considers Aahara (diet) as one of the Trayopasthamba (three pillars of life) and emphasizes Pathya-Apathya as the primary disease management strategy. Aim: To analyze the molecular and pharmacological mechanisms underlying Ayurvedic Pathya Ahara recommended for Prameha. Materials and Methods: A comprehensive review of classical Ayurvedic texts was conducted, along with an analysis of modern biomedical databases, including PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar, to evaluate the metabolic and molecular effects of Pathya foods. Discussion: Prameha Management emphasizes Apatarpana, Kapha-pacifying diet, regular exercise (Vyayama), and adherence to a daily regimen. Ayurvedic Pathya Aahara exerts antidiabetic effects through multiple mechanisms, including modulation of glucose metabolism, improvement of insulin signaling, antioxidant activity, and gut microbiota regulation. Conclusion: Pathya Aahra's recommendations align with modern metabolic principles and may offer complementary strategies for diabetes management.