Ayurveda and Epistemology: Revisiting Knowledge Frameworks, Clinical Reasoning and Scientific Validation in Contemporary Healthcare

Abstract

Ayurveda, the traditional system of medicine originating in the Indian subcontinent, is found upon a sophisticated epistemological framework that integrates philosophical inquiry with clinical application. Central to this framework is the concept of Pramana, denoting the valid means of acquiring knowledge. Unlike modern biomedical paradigms, which rely predominantly on reductionist and experimental methodologies, Ayurveda employs a pluralistic approach encompassing perception (Pratyaksha), inference (Anumana), authoritative testimony (Aptopadesha), and rational synthesis (Yukti). This review critically examines the epistemological foundations of Ayurveda as elaborated in classical texts such as Charaka Samhita and Sushruta Samhita, and evaluates their relevance in the context of contemporary scientific discourse. The study further explores the application of these epistemological principles in clinical reasoning, highlighting the dynamic and individualized nature of Ayurvedic practice. Challenges in aligning Ayurvedic knowledge systems with evidence-based medicine are analyzed, and the need for epistemologically sensitive research methodologies is emphasized. The review argues that Ayurveda represents a comprehensive and context-sensitive epistemology that holds significant potential for contributing to integrative and personalized healthcare.