Microbial Profile and Stability Assessment of Xanthium Strumarium L. Yavakuta in the Management of Mootrashmari (Urolithiasis)

Abstract

Ayurveda employs Yavakuta (coarse powder) as a fundamental dosage form for Kwatha preparation in systemic disorders such as Mootrashmari (urolithiasis). Although coarse powders possess relatively low moisture content compared to aqueous preparations, they remain vulnerable to environmental microbial contamination during collection, processing, and storage. Xanthium strumarium L. has been traditionally reported for its use in kidney-related disorders and is regionally utilized as a substitute for Gokshura in certain parts of Punjab and Sindh due to its Mutrala (diuretic) properties and local availability. Materials and Methods: The microbiological profile of whole-plant Yavakuta of Xanthium strumarium was evaluated under simulated storage conditions from April 2024 to April 2025. Samples were periodically analyzed using Gram staining, 10% KOH wet mount, aerobic bacterial culture, and fungal culture techniques under varying temperature (28–42 °C) and relative humidity (15–96%) conditions. Results: Most samples demonstrated absence of microbial growth. Intermittent isolation of Citrobacter species was observed during certain intervals, which are commonly reported as plant-associated microorganisms. No persistent bacterial contamination was detected, and no fungal growth was observed throughout the study period, even under high humidity conditions. Conclusion: The Yavakuta form of Xanthium strumarium exhibited satisfactory microbial stability under fluctuating environmental conditions. These findings support its safe storage and utilization in coarse powder form, provided that appropriate hygienic handling and periodic microbial monitoring are maintained