A Yoga Based Approach for Primary Level Prevention of Lifestyle - Induced Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Abstract

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is a global metabolic disorder characterized by insulin resistance, impaired pancreatic β-cell function, and progressive dysregulation of glucose metabolism, contributing substantially to long-term morbidity and premature mortality. Its escalating prevalence- driven primarily by sedentary lifestyles, unhealthy dietary patterns, obesity, and chronic stress- underscores the need for preventive strategies that extend beyond pharmacotherapy. Yoga, a holistic, accessible, and cost-effective practice, has emerged as a promising non-pharmacological intervention for the primary prevention of T2DM. Evidence suggests that selected Yogasanas, Pranayama techniques, and Kriyas modulate key pathophysiological mechanisms of T2DM by enhancing insulin sensitivity, stimulating β-cell activity, improving hepatic and digestive function, and optimizing autonomic balance. Postures such as Tadasana, Paschimottanasana, Ushtrasana, Halasana, and specific twisting and inversion poses may facilitate peripheral glucose uptake, enhance organ perfusion, strengthen musculoskeletal integrity, and support metabolic efficiency. Pranayama practices including Bhastrika, Chandra Bhedana, and Kapalabhāti have been shown to attenuate sympathetic overactivity, reduce cortisol levels, and promote parasympathetic dominance, thereby mitigating stress-induced hyperglycaemia. From an Ayurvedic perspective, yoga addresses the etiopathogenesis of Sthoola Prameha by correcting Agnimandya, reducing excess Kapha and Meda, and preventing Srotorodha, thereby restoring metabolic homeostasis. Given its safety profile, affordability, and adaptability for community-level implementation, yoga represents an effective multidimensional strategy for reducing modifiable risk factors- particularly sedentary behaviour, central adiposity, and psychosocial stress- thereby supporting T2DM prevention and broader health promotion.